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1. SEPTEMBER MASSACRES September Massacres, sometimes also called the "First Terror" of the French Revolution, consisted of several attacks on the prisons in Paris. The massacres, or the mass killing of prisoners, took place in Paris from September 2 to 6 in 1792 The killings began on September 2, when twenty-four priests being transported to a Abbaye prison were attacked by a mob of armed citizens of Paris. They quickly and grotesquely killed all of the priests, and moved on to kill other prisoners as well. In all, about 1,200 prisoners were killed, often without the benefit of even a summary trial. At the prison named Bicetre 43 out of 162 of the prisoners killed were under 18 years of age (Schama; 635). One of the most savagely treated victims was a member of the nobility named Princess Mme de Lamballe. She was stripped, raped, her breasts were cut off, and the rest of her body was mutilated. The prisoners recognized that their position was hopeless. They lost all hope of survival but contemplated what position they should assume to make their death least painful (Hibbert; 171). An army officer named Jourgniac de Saint-Meard somehow survived and recorded the horror in detail. (Schama; 634). The world at larage viewed the September Massacres as proof of the horrors of revolution. 2. SAND CREEK MASSACRE (Also known as Chivington Massacre or The Batle of the Sand Creek or the Massacre of Cheyenne Indians) The Sand Creek Massacre (November 29, 1864) was an incident in the Indian Wars of the United States when about 1200 US troops, mostly Colorado volunteers under Col. John M. Chivington attacked a surrendered, and disarmed Cheyenne Indian camp in southeastern Colorado Territory. The camp contained several hundred Cheyenne and a few Arapaho. The Cheyenne chief Black Kettle had been negotiating for peace and had camped near Fort Lyon with the consent of its commander, Major Scott Anthony. As the attack began, Black Kettle raised the U.S. flag as well as a white flag, but more than 500 Indians were massacred, including many women and children. Chivington was at first hailed for his ‘victory’ but when the facts became known, he was discredited. 3. SPIRIT LAKE MASSACRE (March 8–12, 1857), incident in northwestern Iowa, U.S., in which a band of Sioux Indians led by Inkpaduta killed more than 30 white people. In 1856 five cabins had been built and occupied by whites near Okoboji lakes and Spirit Lake. After a severe winter, the Sioux attacked, killed 32 men, women, and children on the spot and abducted four women, of whom two were subsequently killed, one released voluntarily, and one ransomed. A relief expedition sent from Ft. Dodge arrived only in time to bury the dead. Another, sent from Ft. Ridgely in Minnesota, pursued Inkpaduta, who fled westward, but failed to overtake him. The massacre was commemorated by a monument erected in 1895 at nearby Arnolds Park. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/560415/Spirit-Lake-Massacre. 4. BOSTON MASSACRE On the evening of March 5, 1770, Private Hugh White was on guard in front of the Customs House on King Street in Boston. A crowd of people had gathered and began harassing the soldier. His calls for help brought nine soldiers led by Captain Thomas Preston. The crowd continued to harass the soldiers with insults, and were throwing snowballs at them. In the commotion, someone yelled, "Fire!" and soldiers began shooting. Three townspeople were killed and eight more were wounded, two of which died later. No one knew who gave the order to fire.
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